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Intermodal Container

Description

Stacking shipping containers each with a standard ISO 6346 reporting mark

A typical container has doors fitted at one end, and is constructed of corrugated weathering steel. Containers were originally 8 feet (2,438 mm) wide by 8 feet (2,438 mm) high, and either a nominal 20 feet (6,096 mm) or 40 feet (12,192 mm) long. They could be stacked up to seven units high.

Taller units have been introduced, including 'hi-cube' or 'high-cube' units at 9 feet 6 inches (2,896 mm) and 10 feet 6 inches (3,200 mm) high.[citation needed]

The United States often uses longer units at 48 ft (14.63 m) and 53 ft (16.15 m). Some rare European containers are often about 2 inches wider at 2.5 m (8 ft 2.4 in) to accommodate Euro-pallets. Australian RACE containers are also slightly wider to accommodate Australia Standard Pallets.

Lighter swap body units use the same mounting fixings as Intermodal containers, but have folding legs under their frame so that they can be moved between trucks without using a crane.

Each container is allocated a standardized ISO 6346 reporting mark (ownership code), four characters long ending in either U, J or Z, followed by six numbers and a check digit.

Container capacity is often expressed in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU, or sometimes teu). An equivalent unit is a measure of containerized cargo capacity equal to one standard 20 ft (length) 8 ft (width) container. As this is an approximate measure, the height of the box is not considered; for example, the 9 ft 6 in (2.90 m) high cube and the 4-foot-3-inch (1.30 m) half height 20-foot (6.10 m) containers are also called one TEU. Similarly, the 45 ft (13.72 m) containers are also commonly designated as two TEU, although they are 45 and not 40 feet (12.19 m) long. Two TEU are equivalent to one forty-foot equivalent unit (FEU).

Types

A Spine Car with a 20 ft tank container and a conventional 20 ft container

Variations on the standard container exist for use with different cargoes including Refrigerated container units for perishable goods, tanks in a frame for bulk liquids, open top units for top loading and collapsable versions. Containerised coal carriers, and 'bin-liners' (containers designed for the efficient road/rail transportation of rubbish from cities to recycling and dump sites) are used in Europe.

Container types:

Collapsible ISO

Flushfolding flat-rack containers for heavy and bulky semi-finished goods, out of gauge cargo

Gas bottle

Generator

General purpose dry van for boxes, cartons, cases, sacks, bales, pallets, drums in standard, high or half height

High cube palletwide containers for europallet compatibility

Insulated shipping container

Refrigerated containers for perishable goods

Open top bulktainers for bulk minerals, heavy machinery

Open side for loading oversize pallet

Platform or bolster for barrels and drums, crates, cable drums, out of gauge cargo, machinery, and processed timber

Rolling floor for difficult to handle cargo

Swapbody

Tank containers for bulk liquids and dangerous goods

Ventilated containers for organic products requiring ventilation

Specifications

The following table shows the weights and dimensions of the most common types of containers. The weights and dimensions quoted below are averages. Containers of the same type of produced by different manufacturers may vary slightly in actual size and weight.[citation needed]

20 container

40 container

40 high-cube container

45 high-cube container

imperial

metric

imperial

metric

imperial

metric

imperial

metric

external

dimensions

length

20 0

6.096 m

40 0

12.192 m

40 0

12.190 m

45 0

13.716 m

width

8 0

2.438 m

8 0

2.438 m

8 0

2.438 m

8 0

2.438 m

height

8 6

2.591 m

8 6

2.591 m

9 6

2.896 m

9 6

2.896 m

interior

dimensions

length

18 10 516

5.758 m

39 5 4564

12.032 m

39 4

12.000 m

44 4

13.556 m

width

7 8 1932

2.352 m

7 8 1932

2.352 m

7 7

2.311 m

7 8 1932

2.352 m

height

7 9 5764

2.385 m

7 9 5764

2.385 m

8 9

2.650 m

8 9 1516

2.698 m

door aperture

width

7 8 

2.343 m

7 8 

2.343 m

7 6"

2.280 m

7 8 

2.343 m

height

7 5 

2.280 m

7 5 

2.280 m

8 5

2.560 m

8 5 4964

2.585 m

volume

1,169 ft

33.1 m

2,385 ft

67.5 m

2,660 ft

75.3 m

3,040 ft

86.1 m

maximum

gross mass

66,139 lb

30,400 kg

66,139 lb

30,400 kg

68,008 lb

30,848 kg

66,139 lb

30,400 kg

empty weight

4,850 lb

2,200 kg

8,380 lb

3,800 kg

8,598 lb

3,900 kg

10,580 lb

4,800 kg

net load

61,289 lb

28,200 kg

57,759 lb

26,600 kg

58,598 lb

26,580 kg

55,559 lb

25,600 kg

Handling and transport

Main article: Intermodal freight transport

Containers can be transported by container ship, semi-trailer truck and freight trains as part of a single journey without unpacking and they are transferred between modes by container cranes at container terminals. Units can be secured during handling and in transit using "twistlock" points located at each corner of the container. Every container has a unique BIC code painted on the outside for identification and tracking, and is capable of carrying up to 2025 tonnes. Costs for transport are calculated in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU).

Rail

When carried by rail, containers may be carried on flatcars or well cars. The latter are specially designed for container transport, and can accommodate double-stacked containers. However the loading gauge of a rail system may restrict the modes and types of container shipment. The smaller loading gauges often found in European railroads will only accommodate single-stacked containers. In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, there are sections of the rail network which high-cube containers cannot pass through, or can pass through only on well cars. On the other hand, Indian Railways runs double-stacked containers on flatcars under 25 kV overhead electrical wires. In order to do this, the wire must be at least 7.45 metres (24 ft 5 in) above the track, but IR is able to do so because of its large loading gauge and use of 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge track. China Railways also runs double-stacked containers under overhead wires, but must use well cars to do so since China uses standard gauge and the wires are only 6.6 metres (21 ft 8 in) above the track.

Securing loads in intermodal containers

Main article: Load securing

Application in container

Polyester Strapping and Dunnage Bag application

Polyester Lashing Application

There are many established methods and materials available to stabilize and secure cargo in intermodal containers. Conventional restraint methods and materials such as steel strapping and wood blocking & bracing have been around for decades and are still widely used. Polyester strapping and lashing, synthetic webbings are also common today. Dunnage Bags, also known as "air bags" are used to help keep unit loads in place.

History

GI loads a shipping container

Main article: Containerization

The United States Department of Defense produced specifications for standard containers for military use of 8-foot (2.44 m) by 8-foot (2.44 m) square cross section in units of 10-foot (3.05 m) long in the 1950s.[citation needed] The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) issued standards based upon the US Department of Defense standards between 1968 and 1970, ensuring interchangeability between different modes of transportation worldwide.[citation needed] and they subsequently also became known as ISO containers for this reason.

A global system of intermodal freight transport has developed around these standard containers and new container sizes have been developed to suit different purposes. Since November 2007 48 ft (14.63 m) and 53 ft (16.15 m) containers are used also for international ocean shipments. As of April 2008 the only marine company who offer such containers is APL. However, APL containers have slightly different sizes and weights than standard 48 ft (14.63 m) and 53 ft (16.15 m) containers (that are used in the US by rail and truck services).

International Convention for Safe Containers

The International Convention for Safe Containers is a 1972 regulation by the Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative Organization on the safe handling and transport of containers. It decrees that every container travelling internationally is supplied with a "CSC-Plate".

See also

Dunnage Bags

Intermediate bulk container

Load Securing

Logistics Vehicle System

MIL STD 129

Sun Modular Datacenter

RACE (container)

Shipping container architecture

References

^ "Shipping Container Homes Globally". http://www.containerhomes-info.com/. Retrieved 2009-05-24. 

^ "Container Dimensions". J S Container Services. http://www.sjonescontainers.co.uk/dimensions.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-30. 

^ "Standard Shipping Containers". Container container. http://www.containercontainer.com/about_containers.aspx. Retrieved 2009-05-18. 

^ "Selecting a Container" (PDF). CMA CGM Group. 2006. http://www.cma-cgm.com/Images/ContentManagement/AboutUs/PressRoom/Brochures/Documents/Containers.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-14. 

^ Raghvendra, Rao (August 26, 2008). "Rlys reaches higher, sets world record". IndianExpress.com. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rlys-reaches-higher-sets-world-record/353263/0. Retrieved 2009-11-04. 

^ APL: Equipment Specifications - Standard Containers

^ http://www.imo.org/conventions/contents.asp?doc_id=673&topic_id=257

^ International Convention for Safe Containers (Geneva, 2 December 1972)

International Standards

ASTM D5728-00 Standard Practices for Securement of Cargo in Intermodal and Unimodal Surface Transport

ISO 9897:1997 Freight containers Container equipment data exchange (CEDEX) General communication codes

ISO 14829:2002 Freight containers Straddle carriers for freight container handling Calculation of stability

ISO 17363:2007 Supply chain applications of RFID Freight containers

ISO/PAS 17712:2006 Freight containers Mechanical seals

ISO 18185-2:2007 Freight containers Electronic seals

ISO/TS 10891:2009 Freight containers Radio frequency identification (RFID) Licence plate tag

Further reading

"Freight Containers", 4th edition, ISO, 2006, ISBN 92-67-10426-8

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Shipping containers

International Convention for Safe Containers (Geneva, 2 December 1972)

v  d  e

Intermodal containers

Overview

Containerization  Intermodal freight transport  Twenty-foot equivalent unit  International Container Bureau  BIC code

Transport

Container ship  Well car

Handling

Container port  Container crane  Straddle carrier  Sidelifter  Rubber tyred gantry crane  Twistlock

Types

Refrigerated container  SECU

Other

Container Shipping Information Service  The Box  BBC Box  Sun Modular Datacenter  Shipping container architecture  Container (board game)

Categories: Commercial item transport and distribution | Containers | Intermodal containers | Port infrastructureHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 | Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009
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